![]() A substantial proportion of value studies have been conducted within the context of Schwartz’s circumplex theory (Barnea 2003 Barnea and Schwartz 1998 Caprara et al. Political ideology is a field in which values are particularly important and for which there exists a strong base of empirical studies (Braithwaite 1998 Caprara and Zimbardo 2004 Converse 1964 Feldman 1988, 2003 Henry and Reyna 2007 Jost et al 2009 McCann 1997 Rokeach 1973). An example for openness is self-direction. Examples of values related to conservation are instances of tradition, security, and conformity. The second dimension opposes the wish to keep the status quo intact (conservation) with the need to pursue intellectual and emotional interests even when faced with uncertainty (openness). For example, instances of power and achievement are values that belong to the self-enhancement end. The first dimension is a bipolar scale opposing motives of self-interest versus motives of welfare of others. The circumplex of values itself can be positioned in a space spanned by two dimensions (leading to four quadrants): self-enhancement/self-transcendence and openness/conservation. tradition and conformity) tend to be positively related, and those on opposing ends (e.g., security and self-direction) are negatively related. The circumplex structure means that adjacent values (e.g. By focusing on the structural relations between these values, Schwartz proposed that they can be arranged in a circumplex model. He identifies 10 basic values: tradition, conformity, security, power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism and benevolence. The influential definition by Schwartz ( 1992) states that values are concepts or beliefs about desirable end states or behaviors that transcend specific situations, guide the selection or evaluation of behavior and events, and are ordered by relative importance. The concept of "values" has received much attention in the social and behavioral sciences. ![]() Conceptually, while all these ideological branches share similar overarching (conservative) concepts, distinctions between them are based on different emphases of political values (Farmer 2006). Nowadays, the GOP provides a platform for a diverse set of people including fiscal/economic conservatives, social conservatives, neoconservatives, moderates, and libertarians. Historically, the Republican Party-often referred to as the "grand old party" (GOP)-advocated classical liberalism, paleoconservatism, and progressivism as their political ideologies.
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